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  • The importance of protecting competition in the era of oligopolies

    Large companies seem to have found a solution to overcome the crisis: become bigger and control greater market shares. As shown by a study by the Anglo-American company Refinitiv [1], the overall value of mergers and acquisitions concluded in the world between January and April 2021 is equal to 1,770 billion dollars: a historical record , for a value growing by 124% compared to the previous year, driven in particular by the USA. But this trend is only the most recent phase of an orientation. Which already in the last years preceding the pandemic, has acquired increasingly global features. From food trade to media, water, energy, the web and banking services, most sectors are now dominated by a handful of multinationals.

    What economists ask is whether this necessarily represents

    A disadvantage for the competitiveness of the markets. The one who seems to have clear ideas on this matter is Joe Biden, who publicly announced: “Capitalism without competition is not capitalism. It’s exploitation.” In fact, last July 9, the president of the United States signed an executive order – that is, a provision that Iran Phone Number List directs the work of government agencies – to promote greater competition in the American economy. These are 72 initiatives designed to reduce the trend of corporate consolidation. Combat anti-competitive practices and offer concrete benefits to American consumers, workers and small businesses. What are the main causes behind mergers? One of the triggering reasons is the idea that the economy of scale is the key to competitiveness: this would consist in increasing.

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    The scale of production by decreasing the unit cost of

    The product as the main medium-long term objective. Secondly, mergers and acquisitions increase the market and bargaining power of the company towards producers, suppliers and subcontractors. For large companies, in particular, the solution therefore involves increasing size: bigger, stronger. But for UK WhatsApp Number List consumers, for the economy, for markets and for those same companies, are these always virtuous strategies? What is the social cost of the ever-widening diffusion of oligopolies? The multiplication of dominant positions. Determines an unequal distribution of productivity increases, lower wage growth, an increase in prices. A slowdown in the diffusion of technical progress and, consequently, lower growth. In fact, in less competitive markets, large players are not incentivized to invest to produce competitive advantages over their competitors . On the contrary, the presence of such giants can slow down. Competitors’ access to the market by deciding to purchase them.

  • What economic measures could mitigate

    Some changes, such as the variations in the subjective criteria of propensity to save associated with the extension of life expectancy, fall within what economics calls exogenous changes and therefore little influenced by public policies. Others may instead be triggered by public policies, in the absence of which real interest rates would probably have fallen even further in recent decades. Among the policies that most influence the supply of savings are certainly those linked to pension systems. The introduction of public pension systems alters saving choices, activating three effects: the wealth replacement effect, the effect of bringing forward the retirement age and the inheritance effect.

    If the characteristics remained unchanged

    Compared to today’s with a growing share of pensioners. There would be intergenerational transfers that would tend to crowd out private savings. “ The speed with which real interest rates rise from the current historically low level could be influenced by structural interventions. Fiscal policies that encourage an extension Lebanon Phone Number List of the retirement age and promote innovation and investment in research and development. As Ferrero explains, Gross and Neri , three economists in the work, On secular stagnation and low interest rates: Demography matters. In the European Union there are two further channels which, through public policies, tend to act on the demand for savings: those connected to the “Next Generation EU” and those attributable to the ” 2021-27 Multi annual Financial Framework.

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    The multi-annual budget of the Union itself

    Which is approved for a period of at least five years. Although connected. Next Generation EU and the multiannual framework are to be considered in all respects as two different instruments. Faced with the aging of the population. These policies could support investments by encouraging. The use of digital Turkey WhatsApp Number List and automation technologies by replacing the missing workforce. From a theoretical point of view. A change that can reduce the relative scarcity of the labor factor compared to capital could reverse the trend. As Mario Draghi already noted years ago. In a situation where, for structural reasons such as demographic ones, savings are increasingly less involved in investments. The most concrete way to raise real interest rates would be through increases in the demand for capital.

  • Population aging and the negative effect on real interest rates

    Italy, as recently communicated by ISTAT (the national statistics institute), has for decades now been on a long-term path where birth and mortality rates continue to decrease. The excess mortality brought about by the pandemic, compared to the expected level, was not in itself capable of slowing down the growth of aging, which, in fact, is continuing to increase the average age of the population between the beginning of 2020 and the beginning of 2021, from 45.7 years to 46 years. The central theme of the analysis concerns the so-called dependency ratio.

    The percentage ratio between the non-active population

    The active population (15-64 years). This ratio has been constantly increasing in recent years, in fact according to United Nations projections, which also consider possible net immigration flows, in the euro Turkey Phone Number List area for every 10 people of working age there will be over 4 people over the age of 65 already in 2030, compared to a proportion of around 2 in 10 in the 1980s. The data concerns the EU but in any case the result is in line with that of the most developed countries as a whole. Demographic dynamics such as the aging of the population are a structural factor and from a temporal point of view goes well beyond the cyclical measures implemented by central banks.

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    Thanks to macroeconomic theory

    Two effects resulting from population aging can be analysed. The first concerns the fact that, by increasing the life expectancy of economic agents, the saving rate will tend to increase in order to Thailand WhatsApp Number List be able to sustain consumption for a longer period of life. The second effect, then, derives from the lack of workforce for businesses: the growing scarcity of it induces them to make fewer investments, and, therefore, to ask for fewer savings for the accumulation of productive capital. The result is that both of these effects lead to a marked decline in the global trend of real interest rates, i.e. nominal rates net of inflation.

  • The minimum wage: an opportunity or a limitation?

    In recent times, the issue of the minimum wage has returned to the center of political debate . For this reason, it is necessary to understand exactly what we are talking about when we refer to this concept. How it works today not only in Italy, but throughout Europe. To fully understand what the advantages or disadvantages could be . The International Labor Organization defines the minimum wage. The minimum amount of remuneration that a worker receives. By law for work performed in a given period of time. Which cannot be reduced in any way by collective agreements or private contracts ”. Its calculation must be made taking into account the cost of living, and in particular, Eurofund has estimated that to be adequate its amount should be equal to a percentage between 50% and 60% of the country’s median salary .

    The minimum wage already exists

    In all member states of the European Union. This is consistent with the industrial relations systems present in individual countries. The distinction, however, occurs in the way in which this is determined and in its scope of application. We therefore speak of a “universal” typology when it is applicable to all Saudi Arabia Phone Number List workers and “sectoral. When it is intended for sectors or groups of employees. . Within the EU there are approximately 22 countries that adhere to this calculation. However, the former is clearly prevalent, and this brings with it the definition of the so-called SML, i.e. legal minimum wage. The remaining countries, however, including Italy , embrace the vision of the sectoral minimum wage , the determination of which is linked to the collective agreement.

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    This is made possible by the fact

    That the absence of public intervention is adequately balanced. By the presence of trade unions and collective bargaining. A significant example, still used today in support of the minimum wage, is represented by Germany and France. In Germany, a rule was introduced in 2015 that sets the salary level by legislative Singapore WhatsApp Number List means , with the obligation to recalculate it periodically. This legislative operation was necessary. Because in the years preceding the introduction of the law there had been a very high percentage of workers not covered by collective bargaining (around 40%). In 2015 the wage was set at €8.50 per hour , and then increased year after year, reaching € 9.19 per hour in 2019 . The introduction of this threshold did not reduce or increase the country’s unemployment levels. It had a whole series of very significant economic consequences, particularly in the demand for work.

  • TELECOM AT ITS LAST CHANCE?

    Lagging behind among the companies in its sector, Telecom Italia has for a few weeks been the center of a news flow which perhaps has as its primary objective that of clarifying the vicissitudes that are affecting the telecommunications group. Between climbs on the stock market and descents into the deep red, TIM is considered the worst company among the large companies operating in its reference sector: between Vodafone and Iliad which continue to post positive quarters in terms of revenues and profits, our Telecom last October 28th it was forced to revise its profit forecasts for 2021 downwards. This is how Luigi Gubitosi, current CEO of the group, announced the second profit warning in the space of just three months. What led the company to make this decision?

    Two main reasons can provide us with an answer to this question

    Firstly, the strong competitive pressure on the fixed telephony market. Leading many operators in the sector to reduce their prices. Just a few weeks before presenting the results as of Mexico Phone Number List September 30. TIM had announced the launch of a time-limited promotion offering a monthly TIMVision subscription with some of the main platforms included (including Netflix and Disney+) for less than €45. The second element was undoubtedly the unexpected disappointing result from the alliance with DAZN. The telephone operator and the streaming content provider had signed an agreement for the sharing of Serie A, with an economic value of around €340m.

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    To make the situation even worse

    Iliad announced its intention to launch into the world of landline telephony over the summer. At the moment, no offer has been proposed by the French operator. Even if confirmed by Spain WhatsApp Number List the company’s management during the presentation of the quarterly results to investors. Although the price of Telecom shares is now at its lowest levels. In recent weeks TIT has closed some trading days in green territory. Driving these increases is the news of the possible takeover by the American fund KKR. Currently shareholder of FiberCop (the company to which TIM has moved part of its telephone network) at 37.5%. According to what was reported by Corriere della Sera.

  • Learn easier than talking about it

    The new platform for integrated learning based on collaboration between experts is increasingly convincing. If the concept of ” student centrality ” now seems obvious to some, because they believe that today there can be no teaching activity that does not start from the student’s needs, it is clear that they are not yet familiar with Learnn, the platform that represents the new frontier of learning at a distance . Designed to allow students to learn online with the contribution of the best professionals and experts, Learnn develops an educational system based on collaboration, because know-how is only recognized by doing, and learning is ensured by doing. There are numerous fields in which to develop new skills : ranging from graphic design to communication, from copywriting to marketing automation; in short, it seems there is no sector that cannot be easily and tenaciously learned by following one of Learnn’s programs.

    It is in this way that Learnn aims to support university students

    Allowing them to interact with professionals from everywhere, ready to transfer contents through clear lessons, supported by advanced technology, available at any time, consultable with extreme ease. The greatest push comes from the intention to support the aspirations of the most motivated students, eager to develop even more solid Brazil Phone Number List skills, ensuring them not only an upgrade in knowledge, but the opportunity to broaden their horizons, since the contents are constantly expanding and disciplines in significant increase. Accessing the platform is easy and convenient: with a monthly subscription of €9.99 you can use everything on the site , being ready for operational teaching that will help you develop projects, measure your skills, in the acquisition of new knowledge in a unique and stimulating proactive and collaborative climate.

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    For university students the discount is even more surprising

    1 euro per month for 12 months , for a total of 12 euros per year. This is the “Impact x Uni 2021” formula, which requires pre-registration using your university email by Switzerland WhatsApp Number List December 23rd. No longer, therefore, the specter of distance learning, which has demotivated countless students in this terrible period of pandemic, but a learning system that preserves the dynamism of presence and preserves motivation by fueling curiosity through production. The success of the platform is already visible in the number of members: there are already 20 creators, 200 ambassadors and many companies and student associations, who support the effectiveness of Learnn and appreciate its methods.

  • What is cryptocurrency?

    Cryptocurrency is a digital currency invented in 2008 by an unknown person to allow people to make online payments securely. The first token or coin used in this system was bitcoin, and since its introduction, it has had a tremendous rise in price and popularity within society. Bitcoin has had a significant impact on the whole cryptocurrency concept since then. After more than one decade, we have different types of cryptocurrencies and thousands of coins known as altcoins. One of these decentralized altcoins, which reached a high degree of popularity among the users after bitcoin, is Ethereum.

    The main reason is more than being a coin for online payments

    Over the blockchain platform. The main advantage of Ethereum is that it enables the deployment of smart contracts and dApps, without any third party involved in the online South Korea Phone Number List environment. But over the past recent years, we heard about one more exciting concept and might be the future of this whole system. NFTs are a new concept getting more and more popular each day because of the vital role it plays in especially entertainment industry. In this article, we will go more deeply into the infant trajectory of NFTs.

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    How does it work?

    There are two different schemes for NFT protocols, which generally work the same, but the hierarchy is separate. Source: Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities Taiwan WhatsApp Number List and Challenges (Tech Report) by Qin Wang, Rujia Li, Qi Wang, Shiping Chen One approach is from top-to-bottom, which consists of the NFT owner and the NFT buyer, a typical course designed to build an NFT from the initiator and sell it to an NFT buyer. The following approach is from Bottom-to-top which there is an NFT template, and every user can create a unique NFT. Top-to-Bottom: Here, the owners initiate the workflow and check all the inputs to be correct (NFT Digitize). Then they digitize and store the raw data into external or internal storage (NFT Store). The owners then sign the transaction

  • Shadow Banking System

    The term “shadow market” conjures up images of illegal or otherwise shady trade deals but not all shadow markets are nefarious in nature. A robust “shadow” banking system provides services similar to those of traditional banks, but with the added benefit of creating convenience in services and reducing unnecessary tasks. Such institutions may include hedge funds , insurance companies, and private equity funds . The rapid growth of the financial system since the mid-1980s has changed the nature of financial intermediation. Within the system, in fact, financial intermediaries other than banks played a critical role, especially in the period preceding the financial crisis.

    The phenomenon is called Shadow Banking

    That complex of institutions and financial intermediaries. That provide banking services without being subject to the relevant regulation. They are outside the scope of application of the Japan Phone Number List rules inherent to it. The financial crisis of 2007/2008 led, in the first instance. To a worldwide awareness of the changes that have occurred in the structure of the financial system. As well as a rethinking of both the general regulatory structure of the system and the macro-prudential policy. In this context, a decisive role was played by the Shadow Banking System ; the expansion of this system was largely due to the decision taken by several banks.

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    In the years preceding the crisis

    Their activities characterized not only by high interest margins but also by a strong risk profile: transformation of maturities and liquidity but also the use of financial leverage in Mexico WhatsApp Number List derivative instruments. In December 2010 the Financial Stability Board decided to set up a task force. Whose priority was to collect data on the phenomenon in question. According to what was originally found. Different types of intermediaries operated in the system described: money market funds, private equity companies , hedge funds. Insurance companies and companies controlled by financial and banking institutions such as SPVs ( Special Purpose Vehicles ) and SIVs ( Structured Investment Vehicles). ).

  • The thing that makes Tether a stable digital currency

    compared to other tokens like Bitcoin is the community that relies on it. One Bitcoin today is worth around 38540 euros, this is because there are people who appreciate and believe in the value of this currency. But when Tether Limited declared in 2019 that reserves covered only 74% of the tokens in circulation, Tether’s value on exchanges remained virtually unchanged. This is both for the validity of the collateral to which it is anchored, and for a clientele that has continued to purchase Tether in the secondary markets at one dollar per token. Despite this, to date Tether, or stablecoins in general, are rarely accepted for the purchase of goods.

    There are various problems

    From the security of digital wallets to the slowness of blockchains at the time of the transaction. A critical aspect concerns the stability of these cryptocurrencies: that of Tether was just a lucky event. A community that believes in them is not enough to avoid volatility, but financial reserves must be reliable and stable. This Singapore Phone Number List worries governments and central banks. Facebook, which created its Libra currency in 2019, is the example par excellence. The United States Senate, considering that the Libra Association could become the competitor par excellence in the banking world. Did not allow the project to be taken any further. It can be well understood that the fear of the banking system is well founded: there are 5 top stablecoins with a capitalization of over 5 billion (Tether, USDC, Binance USD, Dai and TerraUSD).

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    The Biden government is concerned about exponential growth

    Pushing for more measures, given that rapid expansion always carries non-negligible risks. One of the main concerns concerns the transparency and quality of the collateral. Considering Malaysia WhatsApp Number List the high capitalization that these companies have. If doubt were to spread regarding the securities supporting these currencies. A “panic selling” effect would be triggered. Incurring a crisis that we know well in the financial market and beyond. Tether has already had to pay two penalties in 2021 for false declarations on the amount of assets that supported the tokens in circulation. USD Coins also appears to be under scrutiny as Coinbase, the transaction channel used. The years made conflicting statements regarding the nature of their reserves.

  • Stablecoin: could it become the currency of the future?

    In recent years, attempts have been made to overcome. The obstacle of volatility in the digital currency dimension. It would seem that significant progress has been made with the spread of the stablecoin. Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, although it is a crypto asset that has managed to conquer the cryptocurrency market. Is characterized by very high volatility and this is why it should be considered a speculative asset rather than a means of exchange. Despite this, blockchain technology has made, and is still making, enormous progress towards. The creation of a crypto asset that can be used as a means of exchange for the purchase of goods “pegged” to an official currency. And so the solution could be the stablecoin, a token whose exchange is recorded in a blockchain exactly like bitcoin.

    Differs from the latter in one important aspect

    Its value is anchored to a real asset or good, making it a Indonesia Phone Number List relatively more stable currency. More specifically, there are three methods to link the value of a token (an asset that only exists in the blockchain) to another asset or physical good. The first anchors the stablecoin to physical collateral. Assuming that a token is worth one dollar (as is actually the case for Tether). Whoever creates the aforementioned asset puts one dollar or the equivalent in low-risk financial securities into a reserve, such as a bank account. Thus the amount, which is equal to the tokens generated, acts as collateral to guarantee its value. A second method involves digital collateral. In this case, for each token created, crypto assets with a value greater than the token are frozen, to prevent high volatility.

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    The last option instead concerns algorithms

    Which maintain parity (even if they do not always succeed), automatically. They create tokens if the respective value in official currency increases, or on the contrary. They Japan WhatsApp Number List destroy them if it decreases. Clearly, the method that makes the stablecoin less volatile is the one that attaches it to physical collateral, and in fact Tether. Which is pegged to the value of the dollar, is the most used stablecoin. This stablecoin can be an excellent example to understand its exact functioning. The purchase and sale of Tether takes place on the market of exchange channels. Which the buying and selling is between private individuals, or through Tether Limit. The company that creates the tokens. In this second case, the tokens are generated. The company upon payment of a quantity of dollars, or, in the opposite case.

  • Invasion of Ukraine: The international community over Russia

    The Russo-Ukrainian conflict undermines all past efforts of international cooperation, interdependence, and peace-seeking accords, proven to be everything but binding in the eyes of Russia. The international community has already stated that sanctions will be imposed on Russia. What are these sanctions? What can Russia do to minimize it? This article aims at providing a comprehensive Idea about the current and potential sanctions on Russia as well as the consequent Russian countermeasures to shield its economy. It is worth underlining the obvious yet vital fact that given the advancements on communication, capital mobility and in general, technology; the world economies are more connected than ever before, this has provided leverage for the west in the negotiations table as well as a higher potential impact on Russia’s internal economy.

    Since the very beginning of the invasion many countries

    Limited interactions with Russian banks and companies, prohibiting payments, disrupting operations, and freezing assets. This (and many factors mentioned later in this article) has led thus far to a huge decrease in demand for the Russian Ruble, as evidenced by its depreciated value which did not amount to one American cent on March 9(0.00658165 USD/RUB). Surely more impactful is the United States’ and Great Britain’s decision to freeze the Russian Central bank’s assets in the west, which according to the BBC are denying access to over 574 million euros worth of India Phone Number List dollar reserves, further blocking their ability to make transactions in US dollars and import goods. Another key decision is removing seven major Russian banks from SWIFT, the globally used banking transaction system headquartered in Belgium. This will delay payments towards Russia, disrupt transactions and ultimately account for at least 5% contraction of the economy.

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    Passing on to energy-related sanctions

    Europe imports 40% of its gas and almost 25% of its oil from Russia. Sanctions of this matter have therefore been subject to debate in the EU. Nonetheless. Germany has already halted the Italy WhatsApp Number List certification of the Nord stream 2 pipeline. Meaning it cannot operate, which according to CNN, contribute to 55 billion cubic meters of gas annually worth 15 million EUR of missed exports for Gazprom, Russia’s state-owned company. Moreover, EU officials have already stated that feasibility is being assessed for a plan that could cut importing needs from Russia by almost 80% by next year according to Bloomberg. Instead, on March 8th President Biden announced the full ban on Russian oil, gas, and coal while the UK has also banned imports of Russian Oil.

  • Open Innovation: the innovation of the future

    Spirit of adaptation, mental flexibility and winning defense strategy are some of the key elements for the success of a start up. What instead allows a company to evolve over time, keeping up with market changes and intercepting the new and growing needs of consumers, is innovation. Today, to be competitive, a company can no longer do without innovation, and internal innovation is no longer sufficient. The main reasons that in recent years have pushed companies to focus on external ideas are closely linked to the field of research and development, the continuous diffusion of knowledge and technology; in fact phenomena such as globalization have caused rapid changes in the economic landscape: reduction of the life cycle of products, significant increases in costs for Research and Development processes, limited ideas from the R&D department.

    Outbound and inbound Open Innovation

    Open Innovation is summarized in two main processes: outbound and inbound. Outbound innovation is generally still not very widespread as it is considered risky, as it is divided into a process of externalization Malaysia Phone Number List of internal ideas and stimuli, characterized by the objective of bringing innovation outside the company. Inbound, on the other hand, is based on the external search for new ideas and new projects, aimed at bringing innovation within the company. To carry out Open Innovation, companies prefer the acquisition of innovative start-ups, since it is generally a win-win situation. Companies secure new ideas, technologies, skills and at the same time can deal with a leaner organizational model.

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    Open Innovation in Italy

    Almost all leading Italian companies have created an ad hoc division within Open Innovation. Acquiring strategic awareness of innovation. Research by Startup Intelligence Observatories and Indonesia WhatsApp Number List Digital Transformation Academy highlighted. How in 2021 in Italy, 81% of large companies invested in Open Innovation and of these, 49% carried out collaborations with startups. This highlights how even on Italian territory. Companies are also expanding towards non-traditional players. Creating an environment focused more on external innovation. As a consequence, startups have found fertile ground to become protagonists. Stimulating development and the propensity towards innovative markets.